What is a Keylogger and Keystroke Logging?

In this article we will be exploring what keylogging is, how keystroke loggers work, their various types, and the risks they pose. We'll also provide practical advice on how to detect and prevent them from compromising your personal information.

What is the definition of a keylogger?

A keylogger, short for keystroke logger, is a type of surveillance software or hardware designed to record every keystroke made on a computer or mobile device - every word typed is logged, including passwords, bank details, and other sensitive information. This data can be retrieved by the person who installed the keylogger, or even monitored in real-time, often without the user's knowledge or consent. Keyloggers are typically used for malicious purposes, such as stealing sensitive information like usernames, passwords, credit card numbers, and other confidential data. However, they can also be used legitimately in certain contexts, such as parental control, or for monitoring employees within a business.

How do keyloggers work?

Keyloggers intercept signals from a keyboard to a computer, capturing the keystrokes in real-time as they are typed. The specific methods they use can vary significantly depending on whether the keylogger is software-based or hardware-based.

Software

Software keyloggers are programs installed on a device, often through a virus or other malware. They operate by exploiting system vulnerabilities, integrating with the operating system, or manipulating applications. Here's how they typically work:

1. Installation: The keylogger is installed on the target device, often without the user's knowledge. This can happen through malicious attachments, visiting compromised websites, or exploiting software vulnerabilities.
2. Keystroke capture: Once installed, the keylogger runs in the background, capturing each keystroke made on the device. It also records any relevant metadata, such as timestamps and the application in which the keystrokes were made.
3. Data transmission: The captured keystrokes are then transmitted to a remote server or stored locally for retrieval by the hacker. This data can be sent in real-time or at scheduled intervals, depending on the keylogger's configuration.

Hardware

Hardware keyloggers are physical devices attached to the computer or its peripherals. These devices can be installed at various points along the input pathway:

• Keyboard hardware keyloggers: These are small devices that are inserted between the keyboard and the computer. They capture keystrokes directly from the keyboard before they reach the computer, and are often disguised to blend in with the normal keyboard hardware - making them incredibly difficult to detect.
• Motherboard keyloggers: These keyloggers are integrated into the computer's motherboard. They intercept the data signals that pass through the motherboard, capturing keystrokes as they are transmitted from the keyboard to the CPU.
• Wireless keyloggers: These devices capture keystrokes from wireless keyboards by intercepting the radio signals transmitted between the keyboard and the computer. They are typically installed in the vicinity of the target device to intercept the wireless communication, but would not work if the target were to move out of range.

Types of keyloggers

We've already discussed how keyloggers fall into two main categories: software-based and hardware-based. Each type has its own methods of operation and detection challenges. Here are some examples of the different types of keylogger.

Software-based keyloggers

• Kernel-based keyloggers: These keyloggers operate at the kernel level of the operating system, gaining root access to the systems they infect. This gives them the ability to intercept keystrokes before they even reach any applications. Because of the deep level of access they have to the system's core functions, they're very difficult to detect and remove.
• API-based keyloggers: These keyloggers latch onto the application programming interfaces (APIs) used by apps to process any keystrokes. By intercepting API calls, they can capture keystrokes intended for specific applications, such as web browsers or email providers.
• Form grabbing keyloggers: These keyloggers are designed to capture data submitted through web forms, such as log-in credentials. They intercept form submissions and extract the keystrokes before the data is encrypted and sent to the web server.
• JavaScript-based keyloggers: These keyloggers are embedded in web pages using malicious JavaScript code. When the user visits the compromised webpage, the JavaScript code captures keystrokes entered into the page's forms and sends them to the attacker's server.

Hardware-based keyloggers

• USB keyloggers: These are small devices that are plugged into a computer's USB port. They are often disguised as USB sticks or adapters, capturing keystrokes as they pass through the USB connection.
• PS/2 keyloggers: These devices are connected between the PS/2 keyboard and the computer. They capture keystrokes directly from the keyboard and store them in an internal memory, which can later be accessed by the attacker.
• BIOS-Level keyloggers: These keyloggers are installed in the computer's BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). They capture keystrokes at a very low level, making them extremely difficult to detect and remove.
• Acoustic keyloggers: These keyloggers capture keystrokes by analyzing the sound of each key press. They use sophisticated algorithms to identify the individual sounds produced by different keys and reconstruct the typed text, though they aren't known for being 100% accurate, and aren't very common.

How keyloggers infect systems

Here are some of the common techniques used by keyloggers to worm their way into computer systems:

Phishing scams

Phishing scams are a common method used to distribute keyloggers. These scams involve messages and emails being sent from what appear to be legitimate sources, such as banks, online services, or trusted organizations - however, they have actually been designed by a hacker to replicate these organizations These messages often contain links to malicious websites or attachments that, when opened, install the keylogger on the victim's device. Phishing emails are designed to trick users into divulging sensitive information or performing actions that compromise their security, by posing as a source they trust.

Trojan viruses

Trojan viruses are another method for spreading keyloggers. A Trojan is a type of malware disguised as a legitimate program or file. Once the user downloads and runs the Trojan, it installs the keylogger on the system. Trojans can be delivered through email attachments, malicious downloads, or compromised software. They often remain hidden on the system, operating stealthily to capture keystrokes and other sensitive information without the user's knowledge.

Social engineering

Social engineering involves manipulating individuals into performing actions or divulging confidential information through interpersonal communication . Attackers may pose as IT support personnel, create fake software updates, or set up counterfeit websites. Once the user falls for the ruse, the attacker can install the keylogger on their device. Social engineering exploits human psychology rather than technical vulnerabilities, making it a particularly effective method for spreading keyloggers - as the target lets the hacker in themselves.

Potential risks and damage caused by keyloggers

Keyloggers pose significant risks to individuals and organizations alike. The damage that can be caused by these malicious tools can be extensive, impacting both personal and financial security:

Identity theft and fraud<

Keyloggers can capture sensitive personal information, such as social security numbers, addresses, and dates of birth. This information can be used to steal the victim's identity, open bank accounts, or commit fraud.

Financial loss

By capturing usernames and passwords for online banking, e-commerce sites, and other platforms that require payments to be made, keyloggers enable attackers to access and drain bank accounts, make unauthorized purchases, or transfer funds from the victim to themselves.

Corporate espionage

It may sound like something from Mission Impossible, but in a business context, keyloggers can be used to steal proprietary information, trade secrets, and confidential communications. This can lead to competitive disadvantages, financial losses, and reputational damage.

Privacy invasion

Keyloggers infringe on personal privacy by recording every keystroke made on the infected device. This includes private messages, emails, and other sensitive communications.

Legal consequences

Unauthorized use of keyloggers can lead to severe legal repercussions. In many jurisdictions, installing keyloggers without consent is illegal and can result in criminal charges and civil lawsuits.

How to detect keyloggers

Detecting keyloggers is a challenge - they're designed to operate stealthily and evade detection. However, there are several things that can help identify their presence on a system.

Signs of keylogger infections

1. If your computer starts behaving strangely, such as slow performance, frequent crashes, or unexpected pop-ups, it may be infected with a keylogger.
2. Check for unfamiliar programs or processes running in the background. Keyloggers often disguise themselves as legitimate system processes, but careful examination can reveal their true nature.
3. Keyloggers often transmit captured data to a remote server. Unusual network activity, especially when you are not actively using the internet, can indicate the presence of a keylogger.
4. If you notice delays in keyboard response, it could be a sign that a keylogger is intercepting your keystrokes and slowing everything down.

Detection tools

• Antivirus and anti-malware software: Regularly scan your computer with reputable antivirus and anti-malware software. These tools can detect and remove many types of keyloggers.
• Keylogger detection software: There are specialized tools designed specifically to detect keyloggers. These programs can scan for known keylogger signatures and behaviors.
• Task manager and system monitor: Use built-in tools like Task Manager (Windows) or Activity Monitor (Mac) to review running processes and applications and investigate anything suspicious or unfamiliar.
• Network monitoring tools: These can help you monitor network traffic for unusual activity. If you see data being sent to unfamiliar IP addresses, it could be a sign of a keylogger.
• Inspecting hardware: For hardware keyloggers you need to physically inspect your computer and its peripherals. Look for any unfamiliar devices attached to your keyboard, USB ports, or internal components.

Tips for preventing keyloggers

Prevention is the best defense when it comes to keyloggers. By following these best practices, you can significantly reduce the risk of infection:

Use a password manager

Password managers generate and store strong, unique passwords for each of your accounts. This makes it harder for keyloggers to capture valuable credentials. Additionally, password managers often include built-in security features that can detect and prevent malicious activity.

Use Two-Factor Authentication

Two-factor authentication (2FA) adds an extra layer of security to your accounts. Even if a keylogger got their hands on your password, the attacker would still need the second factor (such as a text message code or authentication app) to gain access. Enable 2FA on all accounts that support it to enhance your security.

Install antivirus software

Regularly update and run reputable antivirus software on your devices. Antivirus programs can detect and remove many types of malware, including keyloggers. Make sure to keep the software up to date to protect against the latest threats.

Regular software updates

Keep your operating system, software, and applications up to date with the latest security patches. Many keyloggers exploit vulnerabilities in outdated software to gain access to your system. Regular updates help close these security gaps and shut them out.

Avoid clicking suspicious links

Be cautious when clicking on links in any emails, messages, or websites, especially if they come from unknown or untrusted sources. Phishing scams often use enticing links to trick users into downloading keyloggers or visiting malicious websites.

Keep your keys to yourself

Keyloggers are a serious threat that have the power to compromise your personal and financial security. By understanding what keyloggers are, how they work, and how they infect systems, you can take proactive steps to protect yourself. Regularly monitoring your devices, using strong security practices, and staying informed about the latest threats are essential in defending against keyloggers.

SUPERAntiSpyware can keep keyloggers out

Stay vigilant and protect your digital life from keyloggers and other cyber threats by getting in touch with our experts at SUPERAntiSpyware.